Distribución espacial y tendencia secular (1991-2014) de nacidos pequeños para la edad gestacional en Jujuy / Spatial distribution and secular trend (1991­2014) of small for gestational age infants born in Jujuy

Introducción. El feto que no alcanza el potencial de crecimiento esperado en el útero se considera pequeño para la edad gestacional (PEG). Esta restricción depende de factores genéticos y/o ambientales; la altura geográfica es uno muy relevante. Este trabajo analiza la distribución espacial de las prevalencias de PEG y su tendencia secular en Jujuy (1991-2014). Materiales y métodos. Se analizaron los registros de 308 469 nacidos vivos de Jujuy (Dirección de Estadísticas e Información de Salud). Se estimaron prevalencias de PEG (peso/edad gestacional

Introduction. A fetus that does not reach the expected growth potential in utero is considered small for gestational age (SGA). Such restriction depends on genetic and/or environmental factors, being altitude a very relevant factor. This study analyzes the spatial distribution of the prevalence of SGA and its secular trend in Jujuy (1991­2014). Materials and methods. The records of 308 469 live births in Jujuy (Health Statistics and Information Department) were analyzed. The prevalence of SGA (weight/gestational age < P10 and < P3) was estimated for sex according to the INTERGROWTH-21 st standard in the ecoregions of Jujuy (Valle and Ramal ­less than 2000 MASL­, Puna, and Quebrada) across 3 periods (1991­2000, 2001­2009, 2010­2014) and proportions were compared. The secular trend was assessed using the Joinpoint regression analysis. Results. The overall prevalence of SGA was 2.3% (< P3) and 7% (< P10). Significantly higher values were observed in Puna and Quebrada in both SGA categories and across all periods. Only in Valle, significant differences were observed between sexes across all periods. The prevalence of SGA showed a significant downward secular trend at a provincial and regional level, and this was greater in Quebrada (5.2% < P3 and 3.5% < P10). Conclusions. A consistent and significant decrease in the prevalence of SGA has been observed since the 1990s in Jujuy, where altitude is itself a determining factor of size at birth, since the Puna and Quebrada regions showed the highest prevalence of SGA during the entire period.

Distribución geográfica de la incidencia de cáncer de beneficiarios de un convenio de atención oncológica en Chile

Cancer incidence reported by The Global Cancer Observatory (GLOBOCAN) is an estimate based on the registries available in each country. Their validity in regions such as Latin America is affected by the lack of reliable data and less access to healthcare among the population. Studying the geographic distribution of the incidence of malignant tumors facilitates the search for risk factors and allows prioritizing health resources. Aim: To estimate the incidence of the main malignant tumors in Chilean people with access to a private healthcare insurance at an oncological institute, and to know its geographical distribution. Material and Methods: Incident cancer cases during 2017 and 2018 were obtained from the institution's Tumor Registry. The incidence was adjusted by age and sex of the Chilean population obtained from the 2017 Census. Cancer rates were calculatedfor each of the 16 administrative regions in Chile. Results: Overall, the incidence of breast, lung, colon and thyroid cancers in the studied population was significantly higher than estimates for Chile reported by GLOBOCANfor 2020, especiallyfor thyroid cancer. There is a higher incidence of breast cancer in Greater Santiago and of lung cancer in men in the Antofagasta Region. Conclusions: The regional differences observed are explained by known risk factors. However the high incidence of lung and colon cancer in the Los Ríos Region requires further studies.

La inteligencia artificial y la video-vigilancia en la predicción y detección de delitos en espacio-tiempo: una revisión sistemática / Artificial intelligence and video surveillance in space-time crime prediction and detection: a systematic review / Inteligência artificial e vídeo-vigilância na previsão e detecção de crimes no espaço-tempo: uma revisão sistemática

En la sociedad de hoy los delitos vienen incrementándose y particularmente en la ciudad de Bogotá, lo que ha causado muchos inconvenientes a la Policía Nacional de Colombia, así como también a los centros de seguridad ciudadana. Ante esta situación, se ha propuesto una predicción de tiempo-espacio en los puntos críticos de crímenes y delitos, con la ayuda de inteligencia artificial. Por consiguiente, este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar, resumir, interpretar y evaluar las distintas técnicas de predicción espacio-temporal de la delincuencia con un panorama inteligente. Por la propia naturaleza de la investigación, se utilizó una metodología de enfoque descriptivo-cualitativo, con la cual se diseñaron fichas de observación estructurada para sistematizar información de cinco bases de datos: Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE, ACM, Springer; dichas publicaciones comprenden desde 2019 hasta junio de 2021. En consecuencia, se encontraron en total 3015 estudios, después del proceso de cribado y verificación de los criterios de exclusión e inclusión, se seleccionaron 132 artículos, luego se aplicaron preguntas Psicólogo Interno Residente (PIR), quedando así 18 artículos. Los principales hallazgos encontrados indican que los algoritmos de redes neuronales resultaron ser uno de los métodos más eficaces para la detección de puntos críticos de delincuencia, dado que los grandes avances de la tecnología coadyuvarían en los próximos años a predecir de forma rápida y eficaz los actos delictivos y los crímenes ubicados en cualquier región del continente latinoamericano.

In today's society, crimes are increasing, particularly in the city of Bogota, which has caused many inconveniences to the National Police of Colombia, as well as to the citizen security centers. Given this situation, a time-space prediction of crime and crime hotspots has been proposed with the help of artificial intelligence. Therefore, this paper aims to analyze, summarize, interpret and evaluate the various techniques of space-time prediction of crime with an intelligent view. Due to the very nature of the research, a descriptive-qualitative approach methodology was used, with which structured observation sheets were designed to systematize information from five da-tabases: Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE, ACM, Springer; these publications span from 2019 to June 2021. Consequently, a total of 3015 studies were found, after the screening process and verification of exclusion and inclusion criteria, 132 articles were selected, then questions were applied Psychologist Internal Resident (PIR), thus leaving 18 articles. The main findings indicate that neural network algorithms proved to be one of the most effective methods for the detection of crime hotspots, given that the great advances in technology would help in the coming years to quickly and effectively predict criminal acts and crimes located in any region of the Latin American continent.

Na sociedade de hoje, a criminalidade está aumentando, particularmente na cidade de Bogotá, o que tem causado muitos inconvenientes para a Polícia Nacional Colombiana, bem como para os centros de segurança do cidadão. Diante desta situação, foi proposta uma previsão tempo-espacial de hotspots de crime com a ajuda da inteligência artificial. Portanto, este documento visa analisar, resumir, interpretar e avaliar as diversas técnicas de previsão espaço-temporal do crime com uma visão inteligente. Devido à própria natureza da pesquisa, foi utilizada uma metodologia de abordagem descritiva-qualitativa, com a qual foram elaboradas fichas de observação estrutura-das para sistematizar informações de cinco bancos de dados: Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE, ACM, Springer; estas publicações abrangem o período de 2019 a junho de 2021. Consequentemente, foi encontrado um total de 3015 estudos, após o processo de triagem e verificação dos critérios de exclusão e inclusão, 132 artigos foram selecionados, depois foram aplicadas perguntas ao Psicólogo em Residência (PIR), deixando 18 artigos. As principais descobertas indicam que os algoritmos de redes neurais provaram ser um dos métodos mais eficazes para a detecção de hotspots de crime, dado que os grandes avanços na tecnologia ajudarão nos próximos anos a prever rápida e efetivamente atos criminosos e crimes localizados em qualquer região do continente latino-americano.

Territorio y minera: la necesidad de precisar un enfoque para su abordaje

Las actividades sobre el planeta cambian y también la forma de observarlas, pero frente a la cantidad de situaciones que se circunscriben alrededor de las actividades extractivas, es conveniente, para todas las partes implicadas, buscar una mayor precisión en el enfoque sobre estos asuntos complejos; por eso, el objetivo de este escrito es aportar ideas, para ajustar el enfoque territorial de la actividad minera, con miras al desarrollo sostenible. Para ello, se utilizó una metodología aplicada a un caso real en Colombia, que permite expresar un enfoque combinado, en el cual, el espacio responde al dónde; la actividad minera representa el qué; la gradualidad del tiempo define el cuándo y, el desarrollo sostenible, proyectado en conjunto con los actores, define el para qué. Se logró una ubicación y, a la vez, representación multiescalar, a través de una región de influencia minera. Para mostrar interrelaciones, se realizó una caracterización minera sobre esos cuatro aspectos esenciales: lugar, actividad, tiempo y objetivo. También, se definió una trayectoria multitemporal para la gradualidad de las acciones en el tiempo y, desde la perspectiva comunitaria, se llevó a cabo la integración de propuestas organizadas en cuatro conjuntos. Se concluye que, para una minería más justa y mejor, nos conviene ampliar el radio de observación, considerar el pasado, presente y futuro y mirar desde la óptica de otros. Esto significa, cambiar las perspectivas, trazar nuevos horizontes e integrar acciones hacia objetivos comunes, que minimicen conflictos y potencien oportunidades más equitativas en las relaciones socioambientales.

Activities on our planet change, as does the way of observing them. But in the face of the number of situations that are circumscribed around extractive activities, it is convenient for all parties involved, to seek greater precision in the approach to these complex issues; therefore, that is why the purpose of this text is to provide ideas, so as to adjust the territorial approach of the mining activity, leading to sustainable development. To do this a methodology was applied to a real case in Colombia, where space pertains to the location; mining activity represents the purpose; the gradual progression of time defines when, and sustainable development projects are the goal. A multi-location and representation were achieved, a mining characterization on four essential aspects to show interrelatios, as well as a multi-temporal trajectory for the gradual progression of actions over time, and, from the community perspective, the integration of proposals in four sets. It is concluded that, for fairer and better mining, it is convenient for us to expand the radius of observation, to consider the past, present and future, adopts others viewpoints. This means changing perspectives, drawing new horizons and integrating actions towards common objectives that minimize conflicts and enhance more equitable opportunities in socio-environmental relations.

Análisis bibliométrico de los trabajos finales de graduación con grado en Geografía de la Universidad de Costa Rica, 1966-2021

Se realizó un estudio bibliométrico y un análisis detallado de las diversas variables de los proyectos finales de graduación de grado realizados en la carrera de Geografía de la Universidad de Costa Rica (UCR) y un análisis estadístico de las diversas variables de tales trabajos. Esta investigación responde a la necesidad de cuantificar y analizar las distintas aristas de la producción científica del estudiantado de la carrera del mencionado programa, lo que no se había hecho hasta el momento. El fin de la publicación es divulgar los resultados encontrados para visibilizar y demostrar la eficiencia y utilidad de estas investigaciones al programa. De igual manera, y para instar a sus dirigentes y docentes a fortalecer aquellos aspectos aún débiles e impulsar y dirigir esfuerzos hacia temas de actualidad no abordados hasta el momento y que atiendan las necesidades de contexto. La metodología incluyó la revisión documental y la consulta a la base de datos del Sistema de Bibliotecas y Documentación e Información de la Universidad de Costa Rica (SIBDI). De dicha base se extrajeron datos que fueron procesados con las herramientas de Libreoffice y QGIS. El resultado más importante reside en el desarrollo de 141 trabajos finales de graduación realizados en la Escuela de Geografía-UCR desde 1966 hasta el 2021, para un promedio anual de 2.6, los cuales no solo han consistido en un requisito académico, sino que muchos de ellos han sido insumo para la atención de problemas nacionales e internacionales.

The authors carried out a bibliometric study and a detailed analysis of the various variables of the final graduation projects developed in the Geography Career of the University of Costa Rica (UCR). This research responds to the need to quantify and analyze the different aspects of the scientific production of the student body, which had not been done exhaustively until now. The purpose of the publication is to disclose the results found, to make visible and demonstrate the efficiency and usefulness of these investigations. Similarly, it urges their leaders to strengthen those weak aspects and promote current issues and address the needs of the context. The basic methodological steps focused on document reviewed and consulted from the database of the System of Libraries and Documentation of the University of Costa Rica (SIBDI). Data were extracted from this base and processed with the tools of the Libreoffice and QGIS software. One of the most relevant results is that the School of Geography-UCR has supported the development of 141 final graduation projects from 1966 to 2021, for an annual average of 2.6, which have not only consisted on an academic requirement, but many of them have been input for the attention of national and international problems.

Microbioma oral: variabilidad entre regiones y poblaciones / Oral Microbiome: Variability Between Regions and Populations

Resumen De acuerdo con la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), 3.58 billones de personas son afectadas por desórdenes orales, donde la caries, seguida de la enfermedad periodontal son las más frecuentes y las principales causas de daño al tejido pulpar y pérdida de órganos dentales. En México, el Sistema de Vigilancia Epidemiológica de Patologías Bucales (SIVEPAB) reportó que el 53% de la población se ve afectada por algún grado de enfermedad periodontal, mientras que en promedio la caries afecta al 93.3% de la población de entre 20 a 85 años y más, así como a alrededor del 50.0% de niños y adolescentes, por lo que ambos padecimientos son considerados un problema de salud pública importante en este país. Adicionalmente, se sabe que el microbioma oral humano está asociado con la salud y la enfermedad bucodental. Entre los géneros bacterianos que comúnmente habitan la cavidad oral humana destacan Streptococcus spp., Lactobacillus spp. y Porphyromonas spp. que, a través del desequilibrio del microbioma oral (disbiosis), se asocian con la caries o la enfermedad periodontal. En vista de que estamos constantemente expuestos a este tipo de infecciones crónicas inflamatorias, se sabe que las bacterias orales se trasladan a otras partes del cuerpo contribuyendo al desarrollo y exacerbación de la inflamación sistémica y otras enfermedades. Ya que existen factores como la ubicación geográfica, además de la disbiosis, la edad, la dieta y la genética, que influyen en la variabilidad del microbioma humano. Es importante analizar la diversidad del microbioma oral desde esta perspectiva, ya que el conocimiento que se tiene hasta el momento aún es escaso; por lo anterior se realizó una búsqueda de artículos publicados entre 2010 y 2020 en poblaciones de Asia, África, América y Europa, con el fin de responder la siguiente pregunta: ¿el factor geográfico tiene un impacto en la composición de la variabilidad del microbioma oral humano?

Abstract According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 3.58 billion people were affected by oral disorders, where caries, followed by periodontal disease are the most frequent and the main causes of damage to pulp tissue and loss of dental organs. In Mexico, the Epidemiological Surveillance System for Oral Pathologies (SIVEPAB) reported that 53% of the population is affected by some degree of periodontal disease, while on average caries affects 93.3% of the population between 20 and 85 years old and older, as well as about 50.0% of children and adolescents, so both conditions are considered an important public health problem in this country. Additionally, the human oral microbiome is known to be associated with oral health and disease. An imbalance in the oral microbiome (dysbiosis) can result in the proliferation of Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis, linked to caries and periodontal disease. The latter two conditions, the most prevalent oral diseases worldwide, are the main causes of damage to pulp tissue and loss of dental organs. In the presence of these pathologies, constant exposure to the corresponding inflammatory chronic infection could lead to the translocation of oral bacteria to other parts of the body, where they may contribute to the development and/or exacerbation of systemic inflammation and trigger disease. Since age, diet, genetics, and geographical location are known to influence the variability of the human microbiome, it is important to analyze differences in the oral microbiome between distinct populations. Up to now, little attention has been given to this task. The current review carried out for articles published between 2010 and 2020 and describes the human oral microbiome in populations of Asia, Africa, America and Europa, to explore whether geographical differences have an impact on the variability of the human oral microbiome.

Identificación de las zonas con dificultades geográficas de acceso a los servicios públicos de salud en Costa Rica: una propuesta metodológica / Identification of areas with geographical access difficulties to public health services in Costa Rica: a methodological proposal

Objetivo: el propósito de este estudio es presentar y aplicar una herramienta metodológica para identificar las zonas en las cuales el acceso a los servicios de salud pudiera resultar difícil para la población debido a la barrera geográfica, tanto por su distancia al centro médico, como por su capacidad de desplazamiento, específicamente en los cantones de Curridabat, Escazú y Desamparados. Métodos: a partir de la división geográfica del país en unidades geoestadísticas mínimas realizada por el Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos, se calculó, por cada unidad, la distancia en minutos que se tardaría en recorrer caminando, por la ruta real más rápida, desde la unidad geoestadística mínima hasta la sede de su equipo básico de atención en salud asignado. Resultados: el 3,4% de la población estudiada vivía en una unidad geoestadística mínima clasificada como con dificultad importante de acceso a los servicios de salud, pues presentaba tanto la barrera física de la distancia, como poco desplazamiento en automotores y baja condición socioeconómica. Se identificaron 65 unidades geoestadísticas mínimas (sobre 2014 incluidas en el estudio) que se encontraban a más de 20 minutos caminando de la sede de su equipo básico de atención en salud y cuya población contaba con baja capacidad de desplazamiento y baja condición socioeconómica; la mayoría de ellas en el Área de Salud de Desamparados. Conclusión: este estudio presenta una herramienta metodológica para aplicar en la identificación de zonas a cuya población le pudiera resultar difícil el acceso geográfico a los servicios de salud, tanto por su distancia a un centro médico, como por su capacidad de desplazamiento, específicamente en los cantones de Curridabat, Escazú y Desamparados.

Aim: The objective of this study is to present and apply a methodological tool to identify the areas in which the inhabitants could have geographic access difficulties as a barrier to access to health services, both because of its distance from the health center and its mobility capacity, specifically in the cantons of Curridabat, Escazú and Desamparados. Methods: Based on the geographical division of the country into minimum geostatistical units carried out by the Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos, the distance in minutes that it would take to walk it was calculated for each unit, based on the actual fastest route between the minimum geostatistical unit and the headquarters of its assigned basic health care team. Results: An 3.4% of the studied population lived in a minimum geostatistical unit classified as having significant difficulty accessing health services since they accumulated both the physical barrier of distance and little mobility in automobiles. 65 minimum geostatistical units were identified (out of 2014 included in the study) as being at more than 20 minutes walking from the basic health care team, with a population with low mobility capacity, and consequently low socioeconomic status. Most of these were found in the Desamparados Health Area. Conclusion: This study presents and applies a methodological tool to identify the areas in which the inhabitants could have geographic access difficulties as a barrier to access to health services, both due to their distance from the health center and their mobility capacity, in Curridabat, Escazú and Desamparados.

Análisis espacial del pago del impuesto predial en la ciudad de Cartagena / Spatial analysis of property tax payments in the city of Cartagena / Análise espacial do pagamento do imposto predial na cidade de Cartagena

RESUMEN En este artículo se analiza la influencia del espacio geográfico en el pago del impuesto predial unificado en los barrios que conforman la ciudad de Cartagena. Para esto, se calculó el índice de Moran tanto univariado como bivariado. Los resultados obtenidos evidencian que en efecto existe influencia del espacio en el pago del impuesto predial y que la relación existente tiende a conformar aglomeraciones espaciales. De manera que, para incrementar el recaudo, es necesario invertir en barrios cuya ubicación les permita recibir un "efecto vecindario positivo", con la finalidad de mejorar sus condiciones de vida e influir así en el aumento del recaudo impositivo en la ciudad. CLASIFICACIÓN JEL C13, H22, H30, R12

AВSTRАСT This article analyzes the influence of geographic space on the payment of the unified property tax in the neighborhoods that make up the city of Cartagena. For this purpose, the Moranindex was calculated both univariate and bivariate. The results obtained show that there is indeed an influence of space on the payment of the property tax and that the existing relationship tends to form spatial agglomerations. Thus, in order to increase tax collection, it is necessary to invest in neighborhoods whose location allows them to receive a "positive neighborhood effect", with the purpose of improving their living conditions and thus influence the increase in tax collection in the city. JEL CLASSIFICATION C13, H22, H30, R12

RESUMO Este artigo analisa a influência do espaço geográfico no pagamento do imposto de propriedade unificado nos bairros que compõem a cidade de Cartagena. Para isso, o índice Moranfoi calculado tanto univariado quanto bivariado. Os resultados obtidos mostram que existe de fato uma influência do espaço no pagamento do imposto predial e que a relação existente tende a formar aglomerações espaciais. Assim, a fim de aumentar a arrecadação de impostos é necessário investir em bairros cuja localização lhes permita receber um "efeito positivo de vizinhança", a fim de melhorar suas condições de vida e assim influenciar o aumento da arrecadação de impostos na cidade. CLASSIFICAÇÃO JEL C13, H22, H30, R12

A onlook at the Landscapes of Complexity to Understand Criminal Temtorialization / Una mirada a los paisajes de la complejidad para entender la territorializacion criminal

RESUMEN Este artículo presenta una reflexión producida tras una serie de intervenciones realizadas en el sector conocido como "El Bronx" en la ciudad de Bogotá, financiadas por el Gobierno nacional y distrital para, por un lado, comprender el papel que algunas dinámicas territoriales tienen para prevenir el crimen y, por otro lado, diseñar e implementar una estrategia en los entornos escolares locales que ayudara a reducir la vulnerabilidad de los jóvenes del sector. Las propuestas de trabajo desarrollan lineamientos de las políticas sociales articulando elementos propios de la geografía humana, la sociología y la psicología alrededor de propuestas como las Zonas de Orientación Escolar. Entre las conclusiones pueden encontrarse indicios sobre la importancia de considerar el efecto que las dinámicas territoriales tienen para la efectividad del diseño e implementación de políticas sociales, así como también la dificultad que representa la definición de indicadores que permitan la comparabilidad con experiencias similares.

ABSTRACT This paper is a reflection produced after a series of interventions carried out at the sector known as "The Bronx", in the city of Bogotá, financed by the national and district governments. The main aim was, on one hand, to understand the role that some dynamics play in order to prevent crime, and, on the other hand, to design and implement a strategy in local schools that will help to reduce the individual vulnerability of young people in the sector. The work proposals develop social policy guidelines articulating elements of human geography, sociology, and psychology, around proposals such as the Zonas de Orientación Escolar (School Guiding Zones, Indications about the importance of considering the effect that territorial dynamics have on the effectiveness of the design and implementation of social policies, as well as the difficulty of defining indicators that allow comparability with similar experiences, can be found among the conclusions.

COVID-19 y adultos mayores: comparación espaciotemporal entre mortalidad y vacunación en la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina / COVID-19 and older adults: spatiotemporal comparison between mortality and vaccination in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las variaciones espaciotemporales de la mortalidad por COVID-19 en adultos mayores y de la vacunación contra la COVID-19 en esta población. Se utilizaron datos de defunciones por COVID-19 y de personas de 70 a más años inmunizadas con la primera dosis de vacunas contra esta enfermedad, en partidos de la provincia de Buenos Aires, desde el 29 de diciembre del 2020 al 30 de junio de 2021. Se emplearon técnicas de escaneo espaciotemporal para detectar conglomerados. Los partidos del Gran Buenos Aires que tuvieron mayor vacunación con la primera dosis de la vacuna Sputnik V en población de 70 a más años, entre mediados de marzo y principios de abril de 2021, coincidieron mayormente en registrar una disminución de la mortalidad en esta población, entre finales de abril y finales de junio de 2021. Este estudio mostró algunos indicios del impacto positivo de la aplicación de la primera dosis de la vacuna Sputnik V en el Gran Buenos Aires.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to analyze the spatiotemporal variations of COVID-19 mortality and vaccination against COVID-19 in older adults. We used data from deaths due to COVID-19 and persons aged 70 years and older immunized with the first dose of vaccines against this disease, from districts of the province of Buenos Aires, between December 29, 2020, and June 30, 2021. Spatiotemporal scanning techniques were used to detect clusters. The parties of Greater Buenos Aires that had the highest vaccination rate with the first dose of the Sputnik V vaccine in population aged 70 years and older, between mid-March and early April 2021, also registered a decrease in mortality in this population, between the end of April and the end of June 2021. This study showed some signs of the positive impact associated with the application of the first dose of Sputnik V vaccine in Greater Buenos Aires.

Plantas medicinales empleadas en comunidades del Estado de Guerrero (México) / Medicinal plants used in communities of the Estado de Guerrero, México

RESUMEN Objetivo Analizar, a) las plantas medicinales de uso cotidiano, b) las enfermedades que se atienden con dichos remedios y c), las dosis que se emplean en las comunidades de Taxco el Viejo, Tecalpulco, Mexcaltepec, Hueymatla e Iguala, en México. Metodología La investigación fue de corte cualitativo. Se utilizaron planteamientos de etnografía y conceptos referentes al muestreo por conveniencia. Se recopiló información sobre el empleo de herbolaria en las localidades de Taxco el Viejo, Tecalpulco, Mexcaltepec, Hueymatla e Iguala. Se diseñó un cuestionario de entrevista con interrogantes sobre las características de las principales plantas curativas empleadas, las enfermedades más comunes que se atienden, así como las dosis y partes usadas. Se entrevistó a cinco informantes clave por cada comunidad. En total, fueron veinticinco informantes que se tomaron en cuenta, originarios de las poblaciones citadas. Resultados Se registraron aproximadamente 35 hierbas curativas que se utilizan de manera cotidiana en Taxco el Viejo, 50 plantas en Tecalpulco, 41 en Mexcaltepec, 36 en Hueymatla y 29 en Iguala; Asimismo, diversas enfermedades que se atienden con estas plantas y sus dosis específicas. Conclusiones Existe una amplia variedad de plantas curativas de uso común que emplean los informantes clave en las localidades mencionadas. Asimismo, se confirmó cómo actualmente la herbolaria es una alternativa viable en el tratamiento de afecciones comunes y una de las disyuntivas prioritarias en la atención de la salud.

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze a) the medicinal plants of daily use, b) the diseases that are trea-ted with said remedies and c), the doses that are used in the communities of Taxco el Viejo, Tecalpulco, Mexcaltepec, Hueymatla and Iguala. These localities are located in the Estado de Guerrero, Mexico. Methodology The research was qualitative. Ethnographic approaches and concepts related to convenience sampling were used. Information was collected on the use of herbalism in the localities of Taxco el Viejo, Tecalpulco, Mexcaltepec, Hueymatla, and Iguala. An interview questionnaire was designed with questions related to the characteristics of the main healing plants used, the most common diseases treated, as well as the doses and parts used. Five key informants were interviewed for each community. In total, there were twenty-five informants that were taken into account, originating from the mentioned populations. Results Approximately 35 healing herbs that are used daily in Taxco el Viejo, 50 plants in Tecalpulco, 41 in Mexcaltepec, 36 in Hueymatla, and 29 in Iguala were registered. Likewise, they highlighted various diseases that are treated with this alternative, and their specific doses. Conclusions There is a wide variety of healing plants in common use used by key informants in the mentioned localities. Likewise, it was confirmed how currently herbal medicine is a viable alternative in the treatment of common conditions, and one of the priority dilemmas in health care.

Los componentes ambientales de la cuenca Torca: un insumo para el análisis de los escenarios de variabilidad climática en la ciudad de Bogotá, Colombia / The environmental components of the torca basin: an input for the analysis of climate variability scenarios in Bogotá city, Colombia

RESUMEN Esta revisión presenta una metodología de análisis espacial de las principales interrelaciones entre los componentes ambientales: atmosférico, geosférico, hidrosférico, biosférico y antroposférico y la variabilidad climática de temperatura y precipitación, que se proyectan hasta el 2100, en la cuenca Torca, en Bogotá, D.C., Colombia. Los humedales de la cuenca son de importancia local, nacional e internacional, por los servicios ecosistémicos de soporte de flora y fauna. Para ello, mediante los sistemas de información geográfica (SIG), se establecieron apreciaciones prospectivas con resultados ya establecidos, desde 2011 al 2040, desde 2041 hasta 2070 y desde 2071 al 2100. Se identificaron, relaciones de interconectividad entre los sistemas naturales y humanos, para entender las capacidades de adaptación a las variaciones de temperatura y de precipitación, que se proyectan en la Cuenca. Uno de los resultados más relevantes está asociado a que los análisis prospectivos multitemporales, a escalas regionales, necesitan más detalle, para generar planes de acción concretos en los ecosistemas estratégicos, como lo son los humedales de la Cuenca. Adicionalmente, la Estructura Ecológica Principal, de la cual, hace parte la cuenca Torca, que aun cumple sus funciones de regulación, pero se encuentra en peligro de degradación, debido al acelerado crecimiento de Bogotá y el fenómeno de conurbación con los municipios aledaños, como Chía, Sopó y Cajicá, lo que disminuiría sus capacidades de adaptabilidad a la variabilidad climática proyectada.

ABSTRACT This review presents a methodology for the spatial analysis of the main interrelationships between the environmental components: atmospheric, geospheric, hydrospheric, biospheric and anthropospheric, and the climatic variability of temperature and precipitation that are projected until the year 2100, in the Torca basin in the city from Bogota, Colombia. The wetlands of the basin are of local, national and international importance, due to the ecosystem services that support flora and fauna. Then, through geographic information systems (GIS), prospective appraisals were established with results already established from 2011 to 2040, from 2041 to 2070 and from 2071 to 2100. Interconnectivity relationships between natural and human systems were identified, to understand the capacities to adapt to variations in temperature and precipitation that are projected in the Basin. One of the most relevant results is associated with the fact that multitemporal prospective analyzes at regional scales need more detail to generate concrete plans of action in strategic ecosystems, such as the wetlands of the Basin. Additionally, the Main Ecological Structure, of which the Torca basin is part, which still fulfills its regulatory functions, but is in danger of degradation due to the rapid growth of the city of Bogotá and the phenomenon of conurbation with neighboring municipalities such as Chía, Sopó and Cajicá, which would decrease their adaptability capacities to the projected climate variability.

Evolution of Sichuan Dao-di herbs recorded in ancient works of materia medica of different historical periods / 中国中药杂志

Sichuan province is very famous for its abundant resources of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).However, within the scope of administrative division of Sichuan province, the origin records of Dao-di herbs in different historical periods show a dynamic distribution process. On the basis of carefully sorting out the geographical scope of Sichuan province in different historical periods, this article focuses on the textual research of the Dao-di herbs in Sichuan province recorded in the seven mainstream ancient works of materia medica.The results showed that, according to the records of Mingyi bielu and Bencaojing Jizhu, the main distribution areas of Dao-di herbs were mainly in the central and eastern regions of Sichuan province, mainly including Moschus, Coptidis Rhizoma, Zingiberis Rhizoma, Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata and most of the rest materia medica had become unused in the historical process. Qianjin Yifang records that the distribution areas of Dao-di herbs were mainly in the middle and eastern part of Sichuan province.Aconiti Radix, Lateralis Radix Praeparata, Zingiberis Rhizoma, Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix are still the Dao-di herbs of Sichuan province. According to the book of Bencao Tujing,the main distribution areas of Dao-di herbs are Chengdu Plain, Yibin and Santai, While Toosendan Fructus, Chuanxiong Rhizoma, Zanthoxyli Pericarpium, Aconiti Radix are still the Dao-di herbs of Sichuan province. Ben Cao Gang Mu records the place of origin as Sichuan.Coptidis Rhizoma, Toosendan Fructus, Cyathulae Radix are still the Dao-di herbs of Sichuan pro-vince. Yaowu Chuchanbian and Zengding Weiyao Tiaobian records the place of origin as Sichuan, as well as Kangding, Songpan, Dujiang-yan, Jiangyou, Nanchong, Ya'an, etc. Moschus, Coptidis Rhizoma, Eucommiae Cortex, Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex are still the Dao-di herbs of Sichuan province. The results of this article provide a new understanding of the history and distribution changes of Dao-di herbs in Sichuan province, and can help to further understand the formation connotation of Sichuan Dao-di herbs.

Formation history of Dao-di herbs in Dabie Mountains / 中国中药杂志

Dabie Mountains, a unique transition area of subtropical and warm temperate zone, span Anhui, Hubei and Henan pro-vinces with a humid and suitable climate. It is rich in traditional Chinese medicine resources including many Dao-di herbs, and has a profound culture of traditional Chinese medicine with many herbalists in the past. This paper combed the historical geography of Dabie Mountains and development vein of medicinal materials recorded in history, and a textual research on the historical evolution of Dao-di herbs and special herbs in Dabie Mountains was carried out. The administrative region of Dabie Mountains has been changing constantly in history, which includes 25 counties and districts of six cities in Anhui, Henan and Hubei provinces at present. Dabie Mountains abound in a variety of Chinese herbal medicines, which have been recorded in herbal works in the past dynasties and local chronicles in detail. The recorded Dao-di herbs Dendrobium huoshanense, Artemisia argyi, and Poria cocos are well-known in China, and the output of Gastrodia elata, Ganoderma lucidum, and P. cocos is in the forefront of the country. Additionally, there are still many local special herbs emerging in modern times. In a word, this paper reviewed development of historical geography and ancient records of medicinal materials in Dabie Mountains, and made a textual research on the Dao-di herbs and special herbs, will provide a reference for the mo-dern research and intellectual property protection of Dao-di herbs in Dabie Mountains.

Allocation of village-level health resources in Huairou District of Beijing from the perspective of health geography / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective:To analyze the physical geography and social and economic geography of Huairou District, Beijing, from the perspective of health geography and based on the science of health policy, and study the implementation effects and existing problems of village-level health resource allocation policy based on household registration system and population number, then put forward relevant countermeasures.Methods:From December 2020 to May 2021, 14 rural townships in Huairou district of Beijing were investigated on the basis of literature review, on the basis of information saturation, through typical case analysis, semi-structured interview and other methods. According to the distribution of physical geography and social economic geography, 15 administrative villages of 3 townships were selected to carry out field observation and in-depth interviews with key insiders on the basic information of village clinics and rural doctors, basic medical and health services, management system and operation mechanism.Results:The characteristics of geographical environment, population change and population density of village-level health institutions in Huairou district made the current situation of village-level health resources allocation highlight the current situation of insufficient policy coordination and supervision, and showed the reality of unbalanced distribution of village-level health institutions. There was a big gap between the geographical distribution of villager health institutions and the allocation of health human resources and the health needs of villagers, and the current situation was worrying. The lack of analysis of health geographical factors in the policy formulation and implementation was an important factor.Conclusions:To realize village-level health allocation, it is necessary to fully consider health geographic factors, break institutional boundaries through policy coordination and differentiation, and gradually optimize village-level health resource allocation starting from optimizing the layout of village-level health institutions.

Aglomerados ativos de COVID-19 em Santa Catarina, Brasil, e tendência de mobilidade dos locais de trabalho / Active COVID-19 clusters in Santa Catarina, Brazil, and workplace mobility trends / Aglomerados activos de COVID-19 en Santa Catarina, Brasil, y tendencia de movilidad en lugares de trabajo

Resumo: A aplicação da análise espacial destinada ao estudo de dados epidemiológicos humanos se tornou notória nas últimas duas décadas. Nesse sentido, este artigo aborda a estatística scan para a detecção de clusters espaço-temporais de casos da COVID-19 em Santa Catarina, Brasil. O objetivo é aplicar a estatística scan para a identificação de agrupamentos ativos, determinando sua localização, dimensão e ordem (prioridade). A organização da base descritiva abrangeu os casos de COVID-19 entre 1º de março e 31 de agosto de 2020, disponíveis no Portal de Dados Abertos do Estado de Santa Catarina. A base vetorial dos limites municipais e mesorregiões catarinenses, e as populações estimadas para 2020 foram obtidas no site do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). A covariável tendência de mobilidade dos locais de trabalho foi obtida no documento COVID-19: Relatório de Mobilidade da Comunidade do Google. Para a execução da estatística, considerou-se o modelo discreto de Poisson, apoiado na abordagem prospectiva. No resultado do trabalho, evidenciou-se a capacidade do procedimento para delimitação dos clusters, o qual identificou 17 clusters ativos com a variável resposta e 18 ativos após a inclusão da covariável, distribuídos em todo estado, predominantes no litoral e no Oeste Catarinense. O cluster primário localizou-se no Sul Catarinense. A covariável tendência de mobilidade dos locais de trabalho influenciou moderadamente em 38,89% dos aglomerados. O método foi eficiente para a compreensão da distribuição espacial da epidemia. Isso caracteriza a estatística scan como uma ferramenta de apoio a execução de ações a serem tomadas por gestores, priorizando áreas mais afetadas pela doença.

Abstract: The application of spatial analysis to the study of human epidemiological data has gained great momentum in the last two decades. This article approaches the scan statistic for the detection of spatial-temporal clusters of COVID-19 cases in the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The aim is to apply the scan statistic to identify active clusters, determining their location, size, and order (priority). Organization of the descriptive based included COVID-19 cases from March 1 to August 31, 2020, available in the Santa Catarina State Open Data Portal. The vector base of the municipal limits and mesoregions in Santa Catarina and the population estimates for 2020 were obtained from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) website. The workplace mobility trend covariable was obtained from the document COVID-19: Report on Community Mobility in Google. Execution of the statistic considered the discrete Poisson model, supported by the prospective approach. The study's results evidenced the procedure's capacity to demarcate clusters, identifying 17 active clusters with the response variable and 18 active clusters after inclusion of the covariable, distributed throughout the state and predominantly on the coast and the Western region. The primary cluster was in Southern Santa Catarina. The workplace mobility trend covariable moderately influenced 38.89% of the clusters. The method proved to be efficient for understanding the epidemic's spatial distribution. This characterizes the scan statistic as a tool to support the execution of actions by policymakers, prioritizing areas most affected by the disease.

Resumen: La aplicación del análisis espacial, destinado al estudio de datos epidemiológicos humanos, se hizo notoria en las últimas dos décadas. En este sentido, este artículo aborda la estadística scan para la detección de clústeres espacio-temporales de casos de COVID-19 en Santa Catarina, Brasil. El objetivo es aplicar la estadística scan para la identificación de agrupamientos activos, determinando su localización, dimensión y orden (prioridad). La organización de la base descriptiva abarcó los casos de COVID-19 entre el 01 de marzo a 31 de agosto de 2020, disponibles en el Portal de Datos Abiertos del Estado de Santa Catarina. La base vectorial de los límites municipales y mesorregiones catarinenses, y las poblaciones estimadas para 2020, se obtuvieron en el sitio web del Instituto Brasileño de Geografía y Estadística (IBGE). La covariable tendencia de movilidad de los lugares de trabajo se obtuvo en el documento COVID-19: Informe de Movilidad de la Comunidad de Google. Para la ejecución de la estadística se consideró el modelo discreto de Poisson, apoyado en el abordaje prospectivo. En el resultado del trabajo se evidenció la capacidad del procedimiento para la delimitación de los clústeres, lo cual identificó 17 clústeres activos con la variable respuesta y 18 clústeres activos tras la inclusión de la covariable, distribuidos en todo el estado, predominantes en la costa y en el Oeste Catarinense. El clúster primario se localizó en el Sur Catarinense. La covariable tendencia de movilidad de los lugares de trabajo influenció moderadamente en un 38,89% de los aglomerados. El método fue eficiente para la comprensión de la distribución espacial de la epidemia. Esto caracteriza la estadística scan como una herramienta de apoyo para la ejecución de acciones que deben ser tomadas por gestores, priorizando las áreas más afectadas por la enfermedad.

La gestión territorial requiere coherencia. Una comprobación en Colombia / Territorial management requires coherence. A check in Colombia

RESUMEN Existe coherencia en la gestión territorial si, de manera gradual y en el largo plazo, se evidencia que los proyectos planificados en conjunto con la comunidad, efectivamente, se realizan con calidad y ajustados a cambios exigidos en la relación sociedad-naturaleza. El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar distintos aspectos para evaluar la coherencia de la gestión territorial y probar algunos de ellos en Colombia. El estudio, se llevó a cabo en cuatro etapas: análisis de la gestión territorial desde la coherencia; análisis de los instrumentos de planeación territorial, en los cuatro principales municipios del país; contraste de datos financieros en el componente ambiental y aplicación de entrevistas a personas representativas de la comunidad. Se logró plantear: tres categorías con 13 parámetros, para la medición de la gestión territorial; el análisis de 24 instrumentos locales en Barranquilla, Bogotá, Medellín y Cali; se profundizó en la forma en que el componente ambiental es preponderante en la gestión territorial y se evidenció con la comunidad, la distancia existente entre el desarrollo planeado y los proyectos realizados. El estudio muestra la urgencia en la transformación de las acciones sobre el territorio local, de manera colectiva, continua, consistente, con calidad y con visión ambiental y global.

ABSTRACT This research was carried out to identify different aspects to evaluate the coherence of territorial management and, to prove some of them, to the interior of Colombia. The methodology includes: analysis of territorial management from the coherence approach; analysis of the instruments of territorial planning, in the four main municipalities; contrast of financial data on the environmental component; and, application of interviews to representative people of the community, to verify results. It was possible to put forward three categories with 13 parameters, for the measurement of territorial management; the analysis of 24 local instruments. The way in which the environmental component plays a preponderant role for territorial management was deepened; and, it was evidenced with the community, the distance between the planned development and the projects accomplished. The study shows the urgency in the transformation of actions on the local territory, collectively, continuously, consistently, with quality and environmental and global vision.

Uma nova geografia e o direito à informação e comunicação: a sobrevida em meio à pandemia de Covid-19 / A new geography and the right to information and communication: the survival in the midst of the pandemic of Covid-19 / Una nueva geografía y el derecho a la información y a la comunicación: la sobrevida en medio de la pandemia de Covid-19

Em entrevista à Reciis, o geógrafo e sanitarista, Christovam Barcellos, reflete sobre a influência das condições socioambientais no estado de saúde das populações, um tema que adquiriu ainda mais relevância depois de uma sequência de desastres ambientais ocorridos recentemente no Brasil. A pandemia da Covid-19 o fez retomar alguns estudos, que podem contribuir para pensar de forma ampla sobre as diversas questões sociais e de saúde envolvidas nas situações de emergência sanitária que alteram o cotidiano das pessoas e da sociedade. Contribuindo para as ações de controle à pandemia do novo coronavírus no estado do Rio de Janeiro e no Brasil, o vice-diretor de pesquisa do Instituto de Comunicação, Informação Científica e Tecnológica em Saúde da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Icict/Fiocruz) relata o desafio de propor decisões oportunas e baseadas em dados que, apesar da ideia geral de preservar a vida, conforme o uso podem pôr em risco as pessoas mais vulneráveis num contexto de profundas incertezas relacionadas à Covid-19 e às desigualdades sociais históricas do Brasil. O pesquisador revela que esta pandemia produzirá uma nova organização socioespacial com a formação de grupos que podem ser mais solidários ou, ao contrário, individualistas. Para Barcellos, a pandemia também reforçará a relevância da ciência e da saúde pública para a sociedade, de modo que, na pós-pandemia, o direito às tecnologias de informação e comunicação qualificadas será pauta necessária para uma agenda de combate às desigualdades.

Riesgo de transmisión de SARS-CoV-2: evaluación espacial multicriterio en un municipio de Colombia, 2020 / Risk of transmission of SARS-CoV-2: multi-criteria spatial evaluation in a municipality of Colombia, 2020

RESUMEN Objetivo Zonificar el riesgo de transmisión de SARS-CoV-2 en Villavicencio, Colombia, mediante una evaluación espacial multicriterio. Materiales y Métodos Se implementó un modelo de evaluación multicriterio, a través de un proceso de análisis jerárquico integrado a un sistema de información geográfica. Como criterios fueron incluidos atributos descriptores de las amenazas y vulnerabilidades de transmisión viral identificados mediante un modelo epidemiológico en una misma escala numérica adimensional y proporcional a la probabilidad de contagio. Las alternativas evaluadas corresponden a entidades espaciales representadas por pixeles. Los criterios fueron ponderados de acuerdo con el juicio experto de los evaluadores, con los cuales se realizó el cálculo de una matriz de prioridades relativas normalizada, que permitió la estimación de un vector de pesos, cuyo grado de inconsistencia fue admisible. La magnitud del riesgo se calculó con una sumatoria ponderada de la valoración de los criterios, de acuerdo con un geoproceso de álgebra de mapas. Resultados La heterogeneidad espacial del riesgo de transmisión de SARS-CoV-2 fue descrita en Villavicencio, lo que permitió identificar las áreas con mayor probabilidad de transmisión localizadas en barrios caracterizados por una alta vulnerabilidad socioeconómica. Conclusiones La representación cartográfica derivada de la implementación de un modelo multicriterio, integrado a un Sistema de Información Geográfica, en el análisis de riesgo de transmisión de SARS-CoV-2 constituye un aporte metodológico relevante para la toma de decisiones que definan estrategias de mitigación a escala local y que faciliten la localización y optimización de recursos por parte de las autoridades sanitarias.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To zoning the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in Villavicencio, Colombia, through a multi-criteria spatial evaluation. Materials and Methods A multi-criteria evaluation model was implemented, through a hierarchical analysis process, integrated into a Geographic Information System. As criteria, descriptive attributes of the threats and vulnerabilities of viral transmission identified by means of an epidemiological model were included, on the same dimensionless numerical scale and proportional to the probability of contagion; the alternatives evaluated correspond to spatial entities represented by pixels. The criteria were weighted according to the expert judgment of the evaluators, with whom the calculation of a normalized matrix of relative priorities was performed, which allowed the estimation of a vector of weights, the degree of inconsistency of which was admissible. The magnitude of the risk was calculated with a weighted summation of the evaluation of the criteria, according to a map algebra geoprocessing. Results The spatial heterogeneity of the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission was described in Villavicencio, allowing the identification of the areas with the highest probability of transmission, located in neighborhoods characterized by high socioeconomic vulnerability. Conclusions The cartographic representation derived from the implementation of a multicriteria model, integrated to a Geographical Information System, in the SARS-CoV-2 transmission risk analysis, constitutes a relevant methodological contribution for decision-making defining strategies of mitigation at the local level, facilitating the location and optimization of resources by the health authorities.(AU)

Análisis espacio-temporal del SARS-COV-2 en Cali, Colombia / SARS-coV-2 spatio - temporal analysis in Cali, Colombia

RESUMEN Objetivo Describir la distribución espacio-temporal del COVID-19 en la ciudad de Cali durante el primer mes de epidemia. Métodos Se realizó un análisis exploratorio de datos espaciales, compuesto por un análisis de densidad de Kernel y se verificó la presencia de patrones espaciales por medio de la función K de Ripley. Resultados La distribución espacial de los casos tiende a concentrarse inicialmente en el norte y sur de la ciudad, con una dinámica cambiante hacia el oriente y occidente. Conclusiones El patrón espacial identificado puede estar influenciado por las medidas de aislamiento tomadas a nivel local y nivel nacional, además no se puede descartar el efecto del poco acceso que tiene la población general a las pruebas diagnósticas, los retrasos y represamientos para conocer los resultados de las mismas y aun los posibles sesgos por dificultades en la técnica de toma de la muestra o su conservación.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the spatio-temporal distribution of the COVID-19 in the city of Cali during the first month of the epidemic. Methods An exploratory analysis of spatial data was carried out, consisting of a kernel density analysis and the presence of spatial patterns was verified by the K-Ripley function. Results The spatial distribution of the cases tends to initially concentrate in the north and south of the city, with a changing dynamic towards the east and west. Conclusions The identified spatial pattern may be influenced by the isolation measures taken at the local and national level, but the effect of the low access of the general population to diagnostic tests, delays and restraints to know the results cannot be ruled out and even possible biases due to difficulties in the technique of taking the sample or its conservation.(AU)

Objetivo: Descrever a distribuição espaço-temporal do COVID-19 na cidade de Cali durante o primeiro mês da epidemia. Métodos: Foi realizada uma análise exploratória de dados espaciais, consistindo em uma análise de densidade de kernel e a presença de padrões espaciais foi verificada pela função K-Ripley. Resultados: A distribuição espacial dos casos tende a se concentrar inicialmente no norte e no sul da cidade, com uma dinâmica mutante para o leste e oeste. Conclusões: O padrão espacial identificado pode ser influenciado pelas medidas de isolamento tomadas a nível local e nacional, mas não se pode descartar o efeito do baixo acesso da população em geral aos exames diagnósticos, atrasos e limitações para conhecer os resultados e mesmo possíveis vieses devido às dificuldades na técnica de coleta da amostra ou na sua conservação.(AU)